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Classical Liberal Arts Academy

Classical Grammar I

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Lesson 32.  Conjugation of Verbs:  Active Voice

In this lesson, we will study all of the forms of Active verbs in Latin.  At the end of this lesson, you should be able to give any Active form of any regular Latin verb.  We will become familiar with the CLAA Latin Verb Summary Chart, which will guide you through all of your lessons on verbs and will be very useful for you as long as you study Latin.  You should print out a copy of the chart right now and make sure you always have a fresh copy for studying.

Print the CLAA Latin Verb Summary Chart

Lesson

1.  In lesson 30, we learned that eight things happen to a verb.

118.  How many things happen to a Verb?

Eight things happen to a Verb:  Mood, Tense, Conjugation, Sort, Number, Person, Figure and Kind.

What this tells us is that, for every verb we ever read, we should be able to say eight things about it.  The sort, figure and kind of each verb are simply memorized.  The other five characteristics are found by studying the verb's form.  There is a form used when a verb is in the Present tense and another form used when it is in the Future or Perfect tenses.  There is a form used for a verb in the first person, and a different for for the second person.  If you wish to say, "I love" you must use one form of the verb, while to say "You love" you must use another.  If you are translating Latin and see a verb, like amavisse, you must be able to look at the verb form and know the characteristics it reveals.

To identify these characteristics, we must completely master all of the forms of verbs.  In the CLAA, this is quite easy because we have a system for doing just this.  It will take some time, but this is one of the most important lessons in all of Latin.  If you master this, you will be reading and speaking Latin in no time.

To master the Latin verbs, we will spend three lessons studying regular verbs of the four conjugations.  Then, we will spend one lesson studying verbs that do not follow the rules of regular verbs.  After that, we will review all of our verb studies.  Here is a summary of coming lessons:

Lesson 32:  Conjugation of Regular Active Verbs
Lesson 33:  Conjugation of Regular Passive Verbs

Lesson 34:  Infinitives, Imperatives & Participles

Lesson 35:  Conjugation of Irregular Verbs

Lesson 36:  Verb Review

One of the most powerful tools you will have to use is the CLAA's Latin Verb Summary Chart.  This chart provides you with a guide to every regular verb form used in Latin.  Once you master this chart, you will be able to look at most Latin verbs and immediately know all of their characteristics and their translation. 

The video below will introduce you to the Latin Verb Summary Chart and help you understand what it contains and how it works.

Guide to Using the CLAA Verb Summary Chart

STEP ONE:  FIRST PERSON FORMS

2.  The first step in mastering all of the Latin verbs is to learn all of the first person forms for a verb in every tense and in every mood.  Once these are learned for each conjugation, you will be able to quickly write out a synopsis for any regular Latin verb.  The word synopsis is a Greek word that means "a view of everything together".    A verb synopsis gives a quick look at all of the forms together in one chart. 

In this lesson, we will slowly make our way through the first person forms for each mood, in each tense.  Follow these instructions exactly:

1.  Watch the first Verb Mastery video below.

2.  Memorize the Indicative forms for each conjugation in questions 143-146 below.

3.  Complete the Indicative Mood Quizzes under Step One in the Lesson Exercises below.

4.  Watch the next Verb Mastery video on the Potential Mood.

5.  Memorize the Potential Mood forms for each conjugation in questions 143-146 below as you learn them in the videos. 

6.  Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the Subjunctive and Optative moods.

7.  Move to Step Two when (a) all Step One videos have been studied, (b) Questions 143-146 have been completely memorized and (c) all Step One Quizzes have been mastered.

If you need help, contact Mr. Michael directly at: wmichael@classicalliberalarts.com.

Indicative Active Verb Synopsis

1st Person Potential Active Verb Synopsis

1st Person Subjunctive Active Verb Synopsis

1st Person Optative Active Verb Synopsis

STEP TWO:  ALL ACTIVE FORMS

4.  By this time, you should be able to complete the Verb Synopsis Step One charts very easily and any of the quizzes above.  If not, you should keep working on them before moving on.  If you do not have the first part mastered, you will grow confused as you study more.  It is more important that you learn these lessons carefully than that you hurry through them.  This is one of the most important studies in all of Latin Grammar and it is worth your time.

The next step in mastering Latin verbs is to learn the rest of the forms of Active verbs.  Above, you learned all of the first person forms for each tense in each mood.  Now, we will learn all of the rest of the forms.  You can see below that we have learned the 1st person singular form for each verb tense, but now we will learn the remaining persons and numbers:

Follow these instructions exactly:

1.  Watch the first Verb Mastery video below for All Indicative Verbs.

2.  Memorize the Indicative forms for each conjugation in questions 147-150 below.

3.  Complete the Indicative Mood Quizzes under Step Two in the Lesson Exercises below.

4.  Watch the next Verb Mastery video on the Potential Mood.

5.  Memorize the Potential Mood forms for each conjugation in questions 147-150 below as you learn them in the videos. 

6.  Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the Subjunctive and Optative moods.

7.  Move to Step Three when (a) all Step One videos have been studied, (b) Questions 147-150 have been completely memorized and (c) all Step One Quizzes have been mastered.

If you need help, contact Mr. Michael directly at: wmichael@classicalliberalarts.com.

All Indicative Active Verbs

All Potential Active Verbs

All Subjunctive Active Verbs

All Optative Active Verbs

STEP THREE:  CONJUGATING OTHER VERBS

Note:  Read this section carefully!  It is very important.

6.  Now that you are able to conjugate the example verbs of the first (amo, amare), second (doceo, docere), third (lego, legere) and fourth (audio, audire) conjugations, it's important that you understand how to use this knowledge to conjugate other Latin verbs. 

If you were to look in a dictionary you would notice that four forms are given with each verb.  For example, the verb amo is listed as follows:  amo, amare, amavi, amatus.  These four forms, called the "principal parts" of the verb, are given because they show us all we need to know about this verb to decline it.  The first form is the 1st person, present, active form.  The second form is the present infinitive form, which shows us the present tense stem:  am-.  These first two forms tell us the conjugation of the verb.  We see the 1st form ends in -o and the second form ends in -are, which means this is a first conjugation verb.  The third form is the 1st person, perfect active form and shows us the perfect tense stem, amav-. The final form is the perfect passive participle and shows us the stem for the perfect passive and future active participles, as well as the supines.  All of this information is packed into these four forms.

Once you see this, you can figure out the forms for any regular Latin verb (we will learn about irregular verbs in future lessons).  For each verb below, you can see the example verb of the conjugation to which each verb belongs on the right.  Make sure you can explain how we know what conjugation each verb belongs to.

In the step three quizzes below, you will work on using what you know about verb conjugations to work with other verbs.  You should be able to look at the four principal parts of a verb and tell which of the four example verbs it will be formed like.

SUMMARY

6.  We have covered a lot of material in this lesson, but you will probably agree that when the lessons are presented clearly and quizzes given to help with mastery, it is not very difficult.  Ultimately YOU will determine how well you can read and use Latin.  If you desire to master this language, you can.  If you are merely doing the work that is required to pass the quizzes and exams, you will probably never read Latin.  Desire not the appearance of learning, but the reality.  That takes commitment and hard work, but you will enjoy benefits that very few of your peers will have. 

In our next lesson, we will do similar work, but will move from ACTIVE verb forms to PASSIVE forms. 

Grammar Rules 143-146

143.  Give the first person singular forms in each tense for each mood below for the First Conjugation Verb AMO, AMARE (to love) in the Active Voice.

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  AMO.  Imperfect Tense:  AMABAM, Future Tense:  AMABO.  Perfect Tense:  AMAVI.  Pluperfect Tense:  AMAVERAM.

 

Potential Mood:  Present Tense:  AMEM.  Imperfect Tense:  AMAREM.  Future Tense:  AMAVERO.  Perfect Tense:  AMAVERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  AMAVISSEM.

 

Subjunctive Mood:  Present Tense:  CUM AMEM.  Imperfect Tense:  CUM AMAREM.  Future Tense:  CUM AMAVERO.  Perfect Tense:  CUM AMAVERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  CUM AMAVISSEM.

 

Optative Mood:  Present Tense:  UTINAM AMEM.  Imperfect Tense:  UTINAM AMAREM.  Future Tense:  UTINAM AMAVERO.  Perfect Tense:  UTINAM AMAVERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  UTINAM AMAVISSEM.

144.  Give the first person singular forms in each tense and for each mood below for the Second Conjugation Verb DOCEO, DOCERE (to teach) in the Active Voice.

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  DOCEO.  Imperfect Tense:  DOCEBAM, Future Tense:  DOCEBO.  Perfect Tense:  DOCUI.  Pluperfect Tense:  DOCUERAM.

 

Potential Mood:  Present Tense:  DOCEAM.  Imperfect Tense:  DOCEREM.  Future Tense:  DOCUERO.  Perfect Tense:  DOCUERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  DOCUISSEM.

 

Subjunctive Mood:  Present Tense:  CUM DOCEAM.  Imperfect Tense:  CUM DOCEREM.  Future Tense:  CUM DOCUERO.  Perfect Tense:  CUM DOCUERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  CUM DOCUISSEM.

 

Optative Mood:  Present Tense:  UTINAM DOCEAM.  Imperfect Tense:  UTINAM DOCEREM.  Future Tense:  UTINAM DOCUERO.  Perfect Tense:  UTINAM DOCUERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  UTINAM DOCUISSEM.

145.  Give the first person singular forms in each tense and for each mood below for the Third Conjugation Verb LEGO, LEGERE (to read) in the Active Voice.

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  LEGO.  Imperfect Tense:  LEGEBAM, Future Tense:  LEGAM.  Perfect Tense:  LEGI.  Pluperfect Tense:  LEGERAM.

 

Potential Mood:  Present Tense:  LEGAM.  Imperfect Tense:  LEGEREM.  Future Tense:  LEGERO.  Perfect Tense:  LEGERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  LEGISSEM.

 

Subjunctive Mood:  Present Tense:  CUM LEGAM.  Imperfect Tense:  CUM LEGEREM.  Future Tense:  CUM LEGERO.  Perfect Tense:  CUM LEGERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  CUM LEGISSEM.

 

Optative Mood:  Present Tense:  UTINAM LEGAM.  Imperfect Tense:  UTINAM LEGEREM.  Future Tense:  UTINAM LEGERO.  Perfect Tense:  UTINAM LEGERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  UTINAM LEGISSEM.

146.  Give the first person singular forms in each tense and for each mood below for the Fourth Conjugation Verb AUDIO, AUDIRE (to hear) in the Active Voice.

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  AUDIO.  Imperfect Tense:  AUDIEBAM, Future Tense:  AUDIAM.  Perfect Tense:  AUDIVI.  Pluperfect Tense:  AUDIVERAM.

 

Potential Mood:  Present Tense:  AUDIAM.  Imperfect Tense:  AUDIREM.  Future Tense:  AUDIVERO.  Perfect Tense:  AUDIVERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  AUDIVISSEM.

 

Subjunctive Mood:  Present Tense:  CUM AUDIAM.  Imperfect Tense:  CUM AUDIREM.  Future Tense:  CUM AUDIVERO.  Perfect Tense:  CUM AUDIVERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  CUM AUDIVISSEM.

 

Optative Mood:  Present Tense:  UTINAM AUDIAM.  Imperfect Tense:  UTINAM AUDIREM.  Future Tense:  UTINAM AUDIVERO.  Perfect Tense:  UTINAM AUDIVERIM.  Pluperfect Tense:  UTINAM AUDIVISSEM.

147.  Decline the First Conjugation Verb AMO, AMARE (to love) in the Active Voice:

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  Ego AMO, Tu Amas, Ille Amat, Nos Amamus; Vos Amatis,  Illi Amant.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego AMABAM, Tu Amabas, Ille Amabat, Nos Amabamus, Vos Amabatis, Illi Amabant.  Future Tense:  Ego Amabo, Tu Amabis, Ille Amabit, Nos Amabimus, Vos Amabitis, Illi Amabunt.  Perfect Tense:  Ego AMAVI, Tu Amavisti, Ille Amavit, Nos Amavimus, Vos Amavisitis,  Illi Amaverunt.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego AMAVERAM, Tu Amaveras,  Ille Amaverat,  Nos Amaveramus, Vos Amaveratis, Illi Amaverant.

 

Potential, Subjunctive and Optative Moods:  Present Tense:  Ego AMEM, Tu Ames, Ille Amet, Nos Amemus; Vos Ametis,  Illi Ament.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego AMAREM, Tu Amares, Ille Amaret, Nos Amaremus, Vos Amaretis, Illi Amarent.  Future Tense:  Ego AMAVERO, Tu Amaveris, Ille Amaverit, Nos Amaverimus, Vos Amaveritis, Illi Amaverint.  Perfect Tense:  Ego AMAVERIM, Tu Amaveris, Ille Amaverit, Nos Amaverimus, Vos Amaveritis, Illi Amaverint.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego AMAVISSEM, Tu Amavisses, Ille Amavisset, Nos Amavissemus, Vos Amavissetis, Illi Amavissent.

148.  Decline the Second Conjugation Verb DOCEO, DOCERE (to teach) in the Active Voice:

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  Ego Doceo, Tu Doces, Ille Docet, Nos Docemus; Vos Docetis,  Illi Docent.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego DOCEBAM, Tu Docebas, Ille Docebat, Nos Docebamus, Vos Docebatis, Illi Docebant.  Future Tense:  Ego DOCEBO, Tu Docebis, Ille Docebit, Nos Docebimus, Vos Docebitis, Illi Docebunt.  Perfect Tense:  Ego DOCUI, Tu Docuisti, Ille Docuit, Nos Docuimus, Vos Docuistis,  Illi Docuerunt.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego DOCUERAM, Tu Docueras,  Ille Docuerat,  Nos Docueramus, Vos Doceratis, Illi Docuerant.

 

Potential, Subjunctive and Optative Moods:  Present Tense:  Ego DOCEAM, Tu Doceas, Ille Doceat, Nos Doceamus; Vos Doceatis,  Illi Doceant.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego DOCEREM, Tu Doceres, Ille Doceret, Nos Doceremus, Vos Doceretis, Illi Docerent.  Future Tense:  Ego DOCUERO, Tu Docueris, Ille Docuerit, Nos Docuerimus, Vos Docueritis, Illi Docuerint.  Perfect Tense:  Ego DOCUERIM, Tu Docueris, Ille Docuerit, Nos Docuerimus, Vos Docueritis, Illi Docuerint.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego DOCUISSEM, Tu Docuisses, Ille Docuisset, Nos Docuissemus, Vos Docuissetis, Illi Docuissent.

149.  Decline the Third Conjugation Verb LEGO, LEGERE (to read) in the Active Voice:

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  Ego LEGO, Tu Legis, Ille Legit, Nos Legimus; Vos Legitis,  Illi Legunt.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego LEGEBAM, Tu Legebas, Ille Legebat, Nos Legebamus, Vos Legebatis, Illi Legebant.  Future Tense:  Ego LEGAM, Tu Leges, Ille Leget, Nos Legemus, Vos Legetis, Illi Legent.  Perfect Tense:  Ego LEGI, Tu Legisti, Ille Legit, Nos Legimus, Vos Legistis,  Illi Legerunt.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego LEGERAM, Tu Legeras,  Ille Legerat,  Nos Legeramus, Vos Legeratis, Illi Legerant.

 

Potential, Subjunctive and Optative Moods:  Present Tense:  Ego LEGAM, Tu Legas, Ille Legat, Nos Legamus; Vos Legatis,  Illi Legant.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego LEGEREM, Tu Legeres, Ille Legeret, Nos Legeremus, Vos Legeretis, Illi Legerent.  Future Tense:  Ego LEGERO, Tu Legeris, Ille Legerit, Nos Legerimus, Vos Legeritis, Illi Legerint.  Perfect Tense:  Ego LEGERIM, Tu Legeris, Ille Legerit, Nos Legerimus, Vos Legeritis, Illi Legerint.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego LEGISSEM, Tu Legisses, Ille Legisset, Nos Legissemus, Vos Legissetis, Illi Legissent.

150.  Decline the Fourth Conjugation Verb AUDIO, AUDIRE (to hear) in the Active Voice:

Indicative Mood; Present Tense:  Ego AUDIO, Tu Audis, Ille Audit, Nos Audimus; Vos Auditis,  Illi Audiunt.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego AUDIEBAM, Tu Audiebas, Ille Audibat, Nos Audiebamus, Vos Audiebatis, Illi Audiebant.  Future Tense:  Ego AUDIAM, Tu Audies, Ille Audiet, Nos Audiemus, Vos Audietis, Illi Audient.  Perfect Tense:  Ego AUDIVI, Tu Audivisti, Ille Audivit, Nos Audivimus, Vos Audivistis,  Illi Audiverunt.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego AUDIVERAM, Tu Audiveras,  Ille Audiverat,  Nos Audiveramus, Vos Audiveratis, Illi Audiverant.

 

Potential, Subjunctive and Optative Moods:  Present Tense:  Ego AUDIAM, Tu Audias, Ille Audiat, Nos Audiamus; Vos Audiatis,  Illi Audiant.  Imperfect Tense:  Ego AUDIREM, Tu Audires, Ille Audiret, Nos Audiremus, Vos Audiretis, Illi Audirent.  Future Tense:  Ego AUDIVERO, Tu Audiveris, Ille Audiverit, Nos Audiverimus, Vos Audiveritis, Illi Audiverint.  Perfect Tense:  Ego AUDIVERIM, Tu Audiveris, Ille Audiverit, Nos Audiverimus, Vos Audiveritis, Illi Audiverint.  Pluperfect Tense:  Ego AUDIVISSEM, Tu Audivisses, Ille Audivisset, Nos Audivissemus, Vos Audivissetis, Illi Audivissent.

151.  What are the four principal parts?
The four principal parts are the four verb forms to be memorized with any verb to determine how it is to be conjugated.

152.  What is the first principal part?
The first principal part is the 1st Person, Singular, Present, Indicative, Active form, as, amo, doceo, lego, audio.

153.  What is the second principal part?
The second principal part is the Present, Infinitive, Active form, as, amare, docere, legere, audire.

154.  What is the third principal part?
The third principal part is the 1st Person, Singular, Perfect, Indicative, Active form, as, amavi, docui, legi, audivi.

155.  What is the fourth principal part?
The fourth principal part is the Perfect, Passive Participle as, amatus, doctus, lectus, auditus.

Lesson Exercises

When all of your lesson assignments above have been completed, complete the following quizzes.

STEP ONE EXERCISES:

First Person Indicative Active:       Quiz 1  |  Quiz 2

First Person Potential Active:        Quiz 3  |  Quiz 4

Note:  For quizzes on the Subjunctive and Optative moods, be sure to give the sign of the mood anytime you write the Latin form.  (Subjunctive = cum, Optative = utinam)

 First Person Subjunctive Active:   Quiz 5  |  Quiz 6

 First Person Optative Active:        Quiz 7  |  Quiz 8

STEP TWO EXERCISES:

Indicative Active Forms:      Quiz 9  |  Quiz 10  |  Quiz 11  |  Quiz 12

Potential Active Forms:       Quiz 13  |  Quiz 14  |  Quiz 15  |  Quiz 16

Subjunctive Active Forms:   Quiz 17  |  Quiz 18  |  Quiz 19  |  Quiz 20

Optative Active Forms:        Quiz 21  |  Quiz 22  |  Quiz 23  |  Quiz 24

STEP THREE EXERCISES:

Principal Parts of Verbs      Quiz 25  |  Quiz 26

Lesson Examination

When all of your lesson assignments above have been completed, complete the following exams.

Complete Lesson 32 Examination - Part 1  (Lesson)

Complete Lesson 32 Examination - Part 2  (Forms)